IKEA case study in strategic management report Essay

IKEA contextual investigation in key administration report - Essay Example IKEA essentially sells furniture alongside other home items, for example, machines and embellishments for kitchens and washrooms. It sells these in thump down units that are prepared to-amass by the clients themselves who are additionally depended on for transportation of the merchandise to their separate homes. This retail model has been effective for the organization in the entirety of its developing markets, bringing about a sheer increment in size to the point of turning into the biggest furniture retailer on the planet (Reuters). Their plan of action entirely centers around a cost initiative methodology which frames the center of their upper hand. As we will see, IKEA resorts to offer a recognized intrigue by coupling this technique with different strategies for making a one of a kind item which not just interests to those with an inclination to keep up a degree of value yet additionally to those hoping to cut their buying costs. The motivation behind this report is to diagram i ts internationalization model and to confirm a portion of the key open door regions for development just as overseeing approaching dangers. Investigation Retail is a quickly developing industry in today’s purchaser based social orders, figuring out how to pay special mind to the necessities of buyers straightforwardly without the cost of advancement. In today’s business, it has figured out how to turn into a significant column industry of the general public, confirming monetary and social advancement in the district it most flourishes in. With thriving comes an improvement in way of life and comfort, and with an edge towards reasonableness, IKEA has tried to take into account the family unit merchandise showcase by giving its cost authority methodologies to the advantage of shoppers as less expensive yet quality-demonstrated items up to a scope of 25 to 50 percent. Since the time its initiation, IKEA has step by step set up for business in a few distinct nations arrivi ng at a great aggregate of 267 Group stores before the finish of 2009, with Germany being the most elevated selling nation by a wide margin as a level of absolute deals. Their model fuses the different standards of development that thus orchestrate their upper hand of cost in a few different markets. They accomplish this by the procedure of internationalization. Internationalization for an organization is a significant phase of improvement, as it serves to coordinate it into the retail part for a purchaser based economy (Dawson 2007). It not just expands the existence pattern of an item, yet in addition achieves economies of scale by broadening the size of expected markets. So as to seek after this undertaking for any organization, it must build up some theoretical methodologies IKEA has figured out how to effectively incorporate into different markets with the techniques of cost initiative, centered cost administration, and centered separation. Cost authority takes part in lessenin g the item costs and overlooking the different market fragments that the organization obliges, while concentrating on an unmistakable tight portion, along these lines saving money on the extra examination, investigation and the executives prerequisite that require extra venture and lead to an ascent in assembling costs. IKEA does this by permitting the clients to pick, purchase, gather and transport their own products, passing on the advantage of cost initiative straightforwardly to the shoppers as a 25 to half limit contrasted with contender rates. In addition, IKEA’s Scandinavian picture benefits from the perseverance of value, so their intended interest group of first-time purchasers, and older individuals are mixed with the recognition that

The importance of water filtration systems Research Paper

The significance of water filtration frameworks - Research Paper Example I once visited a companion in another area and felt that their water is generally decontaminated simply like our own. I accordingly felt free to drink water from the reservoir without the information that water from the storage in their neighborhood isn't intended for drinking however for cultivating purposes. Following a few minutes, I started feeling sick; I regurgitated and later on began to the runs. I was taken to the medical clinic and treated and in the long run my wellbeing continued to typical following three days. It is the most noticeably awful experience I have ever had in my life. I would not wish some other individual to have such an encounter ever. This must be conceivable if there are drinking water filtration frameworks in water sources in all areas. Water filtration frameworks are vital. Water is extremely fundamental for human endurance. By and large, the human body is in excess of 70 percent water. Fundamental frameworks and organs including liver, mind and blood are more than 80 percent water. This represents the way that individuals, to a huge degree, are what they drink. The significance of water in human body is underlined by the job that water plays particularly as respects each concoction response (Gertsen and Linus 16). Water helps in assimilation of food, absorption, guideline of internal heat level, conveying supplements to cells, blood flow, and discharge of squanders among others. Also, water pads body joints and shield organs and tissues from harm and stun. On the other hand, when human body gets dried out or need water, it can cause numerous illnesses. Extraordinary lack of hydration can irritate or cause numerous issues, for example, sensitivities, headache cerebral pains, asthma, and hypertension. It isn't sufficient to have water; the water must be unadulterated and uncontaminated for human utilization. Sullied water is the reason for various degenerative infections, just as neurological sicknesses, for example, Chronic Fatig ue Syndrome, sadness, Attention Deficit Disorder, and nervousness among others (Coca-Prados and Gemma 44). Thinking about the significant job of water in the working of all body frameworks and organs, its immaculateness is the most fundamental and essential key to legitimate human wellbeing and life span. There are different strategies for guaranteeing that drinking water is unadulterated and ok for human utilization including filtration, utilization of synthetic disinfectant, and bubbling of water (Omelchenko, Alexander and Swindall 9). Filtration utilizing water filtration frameworks has end up being one of the most widely recognized techniques for cleansing water. These frameworks encourage filtration of water in this manner expelling particles from water as the water channels or goes through the frameworks. There are three techniques utilized in water filtration frameworks. The first is residue filtration that expels earth, polluting influences, and sand from the water. The subs equent one is carbon filtration that is utilized in decreasing poor taste, concoction amounts, chlorine smell, just as different toxins. The third strategy is opposite assimilation, which involves expelling a few debasements from water, for example, turbidity, salts, chlorine, and broke up solids, just as microbes and many disintegrated organics. Switch assimilation is considered the best of the three filtration strategies (Gertsen and Linus 52). Things being what they are, what is the significance of water filtration frameworks? These frameworks involve forms that eliminate germs, microscopic organisms, or infection in the water and which has the capability of causing

What Aphorism Topics Should You Choose?

What Aphorism Topics Should You Choose?In order to write a successful aphorism essay, you will need to know the aphorism topics that are well-suited for your topic. Your selection of topics is one of the most important things you need to consider when writing a good essay. Keep in mind that there are a number of things you can do to help determine which aphorisms topics will work best for your essay.The first thing you need to do is to write about a part of the whole topic. Here, you can come up with a quote on an aspect of the whole topic. For example, if you are writing about car repairs, you could come up with a car repair quote. From this, you can then come up with a conclusion regarding that quote would be most appropriate for your topic.The next thing you can do is to select from the categories of quotes that are available. A number of aphorisms topics can be classified as a short statement or a long one. In general, short aphorisms can be written on almost any topic, while lon g aphorisms would require that they cover a wider range of topics.There are many different types of aphorisms. A small list of the most common types includes the rhetorical statement, the adage, the simile, the proverb, and the simile, and the maxim. The most common type of aphorism, the rhetorical statement, focuses on the subject matter of the essay.The adage is generally said in order to support a belief or position. It can also support a conclusion. This can be a stand-alone sentence or an independent aphorism.The second type of aphorism is the metaphor. This works well with the application of aconcept. For example, a metaphor can work well with a discussion about an industry.The third type of aphorism is the saying. This can work well with the concept of an idea. The meaning of a saying is determined by the context in which it is used.Finally, the fourth type of aphorism is the simile. A simile is used to highlight similarities between two ideas. Examples of similes include a r esemblance between two designs, or the similarity between two actions. A simile often works with the similar of some quality, like a taste, style, or color.

The Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross - 1326 Words

The human race likes to believe that it is the most intelligent and powerful life form on planet Earth. While mankind has proven to be capable of many remarkable feats, there is one force that proves that man is relatively fragile. This force; though not living, is capable of rendering even man utterly weak and powerless. This force is nature. Throughout Sinclair Ross’ short story The Lamp at Noon, the historical context of the Great Depression helps to reinforce the story’s theme that nature is more powerful than man. This is evident through the fact that in the story and in real life; nature caused the Great Depression, nature can cause man to do unusual things and the fact that nature continually outsmarts man. These examples have been exemplified throughout the text and history to help prove that nature is indeed more powerful than man. Firstly, nature was a principal cause of the Great Depression. The story takes place in the Prairies of Canada in the 1930s, a time of economic crisis for the majority of the area’s inhabitants. This includes Paul and Ellen, the story’s main characters. There was a great drought caused by nature which put a halt on agricultural production and thus caused the depression. Ellen explains this to Paul when she says: â€Å"Listen Paul,-I’m thinking of all of us-you, too. Look at the sky. What’s happening. Are you blind? Thistles and tumbleweeds-it’s a desert. You won’t have a straw this fall. You won’t be able to feed a cow or a chicken. PleaseShow MoreRelatedThe Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross1383 Words   |  6 Pagesa story. This is made evident by Sinclair Ross’ ability to effectively utilize the literary devices at his disposal to develop a powerful, efficient short story in â€Å"The Lamp at Noon†. In the story, imagery, dialogue, and the omniscient point of view from which the story is perceived are formidable examples of how literary devices provide a significant role in shaping the plot, conflict and themes for the reader to experience. Sinclair Ross’ â€Å"The Lamp at Noon† effectively showcases the powerRead MoreThe Lamp At Noon By Sinclair Ross1643 Words   |  7 Pageswho had fellowship from peers. Ellen from the short story The Lamp at Noon is a perfect example of the effect referenced in this study; the weather acts symbolically to show her isolation from the rest of the world, the consequence being the loss of her own child’s life. In this short story, the author Sinclair Ross uses parallelism between physical and emotional isolation to show the ultimate impacts of isolation on the human spirit. Ross shows that continuous isolation can lead to a mental breakdownRead MoreSymbolism : The Raven, By Edgar Allen Poe2339 Words   |  10 Pageswhich symbolizes loss and death. But very few authors use symbolism as effectively as Sinclair Ross did, in his famous short story â€Å"The Lamp at Noon.† Ross symbolizes objects, and personifies them in a way that they feel like actual char acters to the reader. She explores symbolism through three key tokens that carry a great importance throughout the story, the atmosphere in which Ellen and Paul live, the lamp, and the wind. These three essential symbols are used to reflect the struggles of coupleRead MoreThe Lamp at Noon722 Words   |  3 PagesMiscommunication in The Lamp at Noon In literature, authors often present characters who come from different backgrounds and fail to communicate. In the short story The Lamp at Noon by Sinclair Ross, a series of events trigger post Paul and Ellen’s argument which leads to a family disaster. Paul and Ellen’s different way of life before their coupling gives them different points of views. This leads to their dispute and resulting in the terrible decision to be made which results in the deathRead MoreThe Lamp At Noon Short Story896 Words   |  4 Pages In his story â€Å"The Lamp at Noon†, Sinclair Ross writes about the great depression and how it effects a couple and their baby as they live through it. The purpose of the story is to display the importance of decisions and how choosing the right one can effect us heavily. Ross does a great job to convey his message by showing us the severe consequences of some decisions. Everyday each of us are faced with decisions that in time produce an outcome that will affect our futures. Paul is one ofRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesargument or an explanation is present. However, if an argument is present, 30 60 If Betsy Ross says, The new flag I designed has red and white stripes with thirteen stars, is she explaining the flag? No, she is just describing it. She is not explaining where the flag came from or what motivated her to make it. She isn’t talking about causes. Nor is she arguing about the flag. However, if Betsy Ross says something a little more elaborate, such as The new flag I designed has red and white

The Method Of Recruiting Has Changed Over Time - 1071 Words

The method of recruiting has significantly changed over time. Today, there is less reading through stacks of resumes and more interacting with potential employees on a casual and formal basis. The method of job recruiting can include many different channels and practices. These methods can consist of practices such as attending job fairs, promoting from within, online and college recruiting, and referrals. Most recruiting methods are face-to-face interactions between the employer and potential employee. This gives the employers a chance to see the candidate in person, how they present themselves, and what they can bring to their company. Although there are many different methods of recruiting, these practices can be separated into†¦show more content†¦Another disadvantage is that if you promote from within, you have to fill the position of the person you promoted, so in a sense you are back to square one (Lussier and Hendon, 172). Although this route may seem easier, ch eaper, and less time consuming, it may not be the most ideal route to take. On the other hand, you have external recruiting which is the process of engaging individuals from the labor market outside of the firm to apply for a job (Lussier and Hendon, 172). Some examples of external recruiting would be using advertisements in newspapers, online job websites, career fairs, and referrals from current employees that would help fulfill any open positions (Applegate). If a company is going to promote themselves at a career fair it is important that they prepare in advance. The company must advertise! As obvious as this may seem, some companies do not advertise because they mainly rely on word of mouth. Some good advertising techniques would be to post flyers around local campuses, add a section in the newspaper, advertise on the radio, and use social media platforms. The company could also work with universities to send out an email blast to all of the students letting them know about t he career fair so that it draws more potential employees in (â€Å"Effective Career Fair Recruiting†). Being a student at Lewis University, lately I have been seeing signs around campus about a careerShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources And Human Resource Management1679 Words   |  7 Pages31, 2016 Fortune 500 Company Introduction Over the last 30 plus years, Human Resources Department has evolved from the people who conducted all administration duties like the keeper of the records in the filing cabinets to the backbone of an organization. â€Å"Human resources management can be defined as that part of management concerned with: All the decisions, strategies, factors, principles, operations, practices, functions, activities and methods related to the management of people as employeesRead MoreIdentifying Opportunities to Improve Army Recruiting855 Words   |  3 PagesOpportunities to Improve Army Recruiting Since conscription ended in the United States in 1973 and the introduction of the all volunteer armed military forces approach, the need for an effective recruiting became increasingly important. In response, military services have taken several steps to professionalize their recruiting functions over the years as well as through the use of a number of proven marketing methods borrowed from the private sector. To date, these recruiting efforts have achievedRead MoreDiscrimination Against Qualified Individuals With Disabilities Act1191 Words   |  5 Pagescountless hours of lost work time, employee stress, political, and lawsuits. â€Å"The best way to avoid the trauma and expense of a lawsuit is to simply not discriminate, focus your recruitment and hiring decisions on job skills and qualifications, endeavoring to find the best person for the job† (Gusdorf, 2008). Recruiting is barely a new concept for businesses, no matter if they’re new or established. Despite the rapid change in HR methods, many of the classic recruiting methods still have roles to playRead MoreAn Organization Strategic Business Plan1284 Words   |  6 Pagesidentical jobs and the all the people who are engaged regarding the position announced. Job analysis is playing a vital role in the recruitment and selection process and this act as backbone of the said activities, and the significant role of job analysis has been mentioned in literature such as strategic human resource management practice which yields to assist the overall performance of the organization (Cascio, 1998; Bowin and Harvey, 2001 cf. Siddique, 2004). Furthermore, those organizations who areRead MoreGoogle s Recruiting Tools For Employees And Their Own Recruiting Process Essay1581 Words   |  7 Pagesengine. It has a huge manpower working behind to push this engine to reach people worldwide in just their hands or just by sitting at home they can access things worldwide. It’s Headquarters in Mountain view, California where world’s best engineers, top talent working together to do something unique every day. An extra-ordinary growth made it popular and different work culture from any other organisation that attracts the professionals around the globe. We are also going to discuss the recruiting toolsRead MoreEmployee Compensation Is Critical For The Satisfaction,1388 Words   |  6 Pagespreservation of the workforce within an organization. HR managers plan, direct, and coordinate salaries, retirement plans, health insurance, and other employee benefits that an organization offers its employees. An organization should spend a great deal of time and resources to plan, create, and implement effective employee compensation strategies. Accordingly, in my opinion HR managers need to carefully examine these strategies that will ultimately effect and meet the organization’s targets and objectivesRead MoreCutco Corporation Case Analyse984 Words   |  4 Pageshigh-quality kitchen cutlery that would be marketed through ALCOA’S WearEver subsidiary. In 1949, the first CUTCO cutlery was produced. After a period of aggressive growth and a series of reorganizations and acquisitions, ALCAS Cutlery Corporation changed i ts name to ALCAS Corporation in 1990 and morphed into a family consisting of six interrelated companies including CUTCO Cutlery Corporation. CUTCO Cutlery Corporation manufactures the cutlery that Vector Marketing Corporation markets in North AmericaRead MoreAnalysis Of Frederick Winslow Taylor s Theory Of Scientific Management880 Words   |  4 Pagesthe origin who started the idea of scientific management. One may be supportive of the principle and one might be debate over the contribution of his work, but it is unquestionable that his principle has changed the way how the completion of work during the 20th century. Whether Taylor s conclusion of scientific management is suitable for the modern management idea, his idea has made up the base for the management control system and managed to impact deeply back modern organization s management.Read MoreMilitary Recruitment : Military Recruiting965 Words   |  4 PagesOPTION 1 - MILITARY RECRUITING 2 Military Recruiting America is a country blessed with advantages unlike any other. It is a nation worth defending against outside forces and this responsibility falls upon our Armed Forces. For years military openings were filled through the draft. This changed over 40 years ago when the government moved from conscription to voluntary enlistment. As time passes, this change raises a very important concern. Is an all-volunteer military the best optionRead MoreDeveloping Strategic Management and Leadership Skills1442 Words   |  6 PagesDeveloping Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Title: Leadership within Hill Top Restaurant Author: Jaju Janardhanan Supervisor: Dr. Roman Puchkov Task 5 Four Current Requirements of Leadership Leadership has been described as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task.† Alan Keith of Genentech states that, Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute

The Causes and Effects of Deforestation in Tropical...

The Causes and Effects of Deforestation in Tropical Rainforests Tropical rainforests are the most alive places on earth. Covering less than 12% of the lands surface, the rainforests are home to more than half of all living species (Lewis, 4). 90% of all non-primates reside in tropical rainforests. Two-thirds of known plants, 40% birds of prey, and 80% of all insects are found only in tropical rainforests. Of the 2.5 to 5 million animals species thought to exist, only about one-half have been identified to date. The vast majority of rainforests are found in Brazil (Amazon), South Asia, Africa, and Central America. (WRM, 16). The two main types of rainforest are equatorial rainforests and†¦show more content†¦Most rainforest life grows and dwells in this layer. It is a tangled mass of vines, treetops, and other plants, and rises about 100-130 feet above the floor. The understorey rises about 50-80 feet, and it is made up of shrubs, bushes, seedlings, and saplings. Because of a lack of light, the forest floor is typically bare. Only some scattering of leaves, decaying plant matter, and other small plants can be found on the rainforest floor. (Lewis, 16). Each layer of the rainforest is a unique habitat, and animals from one layer rarely venture into another one. Mammals such as elephants, deer, and tiger dwell on the forest floor. Primates such as gibbons, howler monkeys, and chimpanzees dwell in trees. Other tree-dwellers include sloth, squirrels, mice. One out of three bird species in the world nest in rainforests - about 2,600 species in all. These exotic birds, such as toucans, hornbills, and fly-catchers, form a massive array of color against the green background. (Lewis, 20-21). Relationships between organisms in the rainforest is a complex web of intimate connections and interdependencies. For example, insects pollinate a large variety of plants, which in turn are food for other insects and herbivores. Insects and herbivores are food for birds and carnivores. These predators keep populations in check as well as recycle nutrients to plantsShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Tropical Rainforest And Water Cycle1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of tropical rainforest in water cycle The tropical rainforest plays a significant role in regulating the water cycle on earth, through transpiration and evaporation process. Transpiration is the water vapour loss from plants through stomata, and evaporation is the water loss from all other part of plants but leaves and other living things in the forest. Evapotranspiration are the accumulation of transpiration and evaporation in the forest. During transpiration, trees suck water from soilRead MoreEssay on The Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impacts of Deforestation in the Tropical Rainforest Deforestation is having an effect on all tropical rainforests. This is not just negative effects but also some very positive effects from the deforestation of the rainforests. From deforestation there are many problems that can be caused by this, environmental, social, economic and political issues all from the destruction of the rainforests across the world. There has been dramatic deforestation across the worldRead More Tropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesTropical Deforestation and Its Effect on Global Climate Abstract Rainforests are the predominant natural vegetation throughout the wet tropics. The defining characteristics of a tropical rainforest are temperature and rainfall. Wherever temperature is high enough and rainfall heavy and regular enough, there is rainforest (Bagheera, 1996). Tropical rainforests of all kinds once covered approximately 14 percent of the Earth’s surface, more than eight million square miles (Conservation InternationalRead More Deforestation: Its Devastating Effects on South American Rainforests1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Tropical rainforests are the Earth?s oldest, richest, most productive, and most complex living ecosystems. They are located throughout many of the world?s continents including South America, Africa, and Asia and are defined by a few specific factors. Their location must be within the regions of the tropics and they must receive between 4-8 meters of rain per year (compared to about 1-2 meters in the United States). These forests also have no ?seasonality?, which means thatRead MoreDeforestation as a Global Issue Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pagesasked to write an assignment on the effects and causes of the deforestation-taking place in the Amazon rainforest. During this assignment I shall investigate the following topics:  · Why has deforestation taken place in the Amazon rainforest?  · Can the government of Brazilsolve this major  · Before and after destruction issue?  · What are the developments in the rainforest?  · What are the negative consequences of deforestation?  · Identify the main green houseRead MoreCauses of Deforestation Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesCauses for Deforestation The Rainforests are being destroyed, daily at alarming rates. The deforestation is caused by three main factors: Commercial Logging, Non-commercial Farming Operations and Commercial Agricultural Development, there are also many minor factors, but the biggest of these is Cocaine production. Many sources pinpoint commercial logging as the primary culprit in tropical rainforest destruction. Logging damages the rainforest directly through the removal of commerciallyRead MoreGlobal Environmental Issue : Deforestation Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Environmental Issue: Deforestation Deforestation is a global environmental threat the planet is currently experiencing. Deforestation in tropical rainforests is especially problematic as they are home to a myriad of important plant and animal species. The rich biodiversity found in these environments are needed, as we rely heavily on the ecological services they provide for us. Forest exports, cattle ranching, and international corporations and agencies are a few factors and actors to thisRead MoreDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays, deforestation becomes a big environmental issue around the world since forests play critical roles in many aspects for the life of all the living things. (World Wildlife Fund) There are many factors that will result in deforestation such as â€Å"fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change† (World Wildlife Fund). Human activities would be the main ca use of deforestation. (Ronca, 2008, p.1) World WildlifeRead More Three Solutions to Deforestation Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesThree Solutions to Deforestation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does it make a sound? Or rather, if a tree falls in the woods and no ones there to hear it, does anybody even care? This saying epitomizes the worlds current view on deforestation, most notably in the Brazilian Amazon, which is known as The Lungs of the Earth. Deforestation is defined as the long-term or permanent removal of forest cover, usually accompanied by burning, which is then convertedRead MoreDisadvantages Of Deforestation1355 Words   |  6 Pagesaround us. They do so much for us, other providing shade from the sun, of course. However, humanity has begun a new age of society, and deforestation plays a big, bad, role in it. Jim Robbins, veteran journalist at Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, emphasizes the following â€Å"Wiping forests high in biodiversity off the land for monoculture plantations causes numerous environmental problems, from the destruction of wildlife habitat t o the rapid release of stored carbon, which contributes

Rats in the Ranks Essay Example For Students

Rats in the Ranks Essay Because we didnt get to watch the film Rats in the Ranks, my presentation today will come from this weeks readings, but I will try and relate the readings back to previously watched films. This week the readings look firstly at the elements of the documentary, mainly focusing on the point of view and the documentaries development and structure. The later readings then delve into a more technical side of documentaries, looking at the steps taken in creating a documentary, such as the many problems that arise when trying to find funding. The first integral part of any documentary, like any film, is offcourse the picture. The reader lists 9 different types of picture a documentary can include, which look at action footage, library footage, people talking, interviews, re-enactments, still photos, and documents and graphics. Many of these can be seen in the documentary The Thin Blue Line. From these categories, the main one depicted in The Thin Blue Line are interviews, all the characters seen in this documentary are seen through interviews conducted by the film maker. Apart from interviews, the next largest used element is re-enactments, showing the scene again and again as the policeman gets shot several times. The other two main elements seen in this film are documents and other graphics, such as newspaper articles written at time the offence took place, and a few still photos, one of the accident scene, and photos of the back of a number of blue cars. When sound is used in a documentary, there are also a number of sections that it can fall under, these are quite straight forward however. The sections laid out in the reader categorise sound in the following fields, a voice over, narration, synchronous sound, sound effects, music, and silence.

How does the dramatic technique used in the play help the audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation Essay Example

How does the dramatic technique used in the play help the audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation Essay Shirley Bradshaw the main character in the play is a housewife in a working class environment. Unable to stand the monotonous lifestyle she is forced to live in she embarks on a journey to rediscover herself. She does this by going to Greece, searching for a new life and adventure. Willy Russell uses dramatic techniques to symbolise the importance of Shirleys transformation. He uses devices such as voiceovers, flashbacks, dramatic monologue and humour these help portray Shirleys opinions, beliefs and it also helps by finding her aspiration. By the end of the screen play the audience will see Shirley as a woman who has fulfilled her dreams and achievement as she no longer will be the depressed dutiful house wife.Similarly Willy Russell was born into a working class family like Shirley. He was born in Liverpool in the year 1974. He left school at the age of fifteen much like the character of Shirley, who also left school early because she had no hopes in her academic career. This may h ave been due to stereotypical views that came with living in Liverpool in the 1960s especially for working class people. Another reason can be that students from working class families were not encouraged to pursue their academic careers. Russell had an opportunity to learn about the lives of working class women during this period as it aided him in writing his plays; he knew what was happening in everyday life and what went on in the lives of working class women as well. Following this he did a variety of jobs, including stacking stockings in the warehouse; this is probably why he portrays the working class family simply as helpless victims. By the time he was twenty he wanted to become a poet and eventually went on to become a play write.Russell wrote the screenplay in 1989, the genre that Shirley Valentine belongs to is kitchen sink drama. Kitchen sink drama is straight-laced realism with a focus on working-class life, social problems and relationships. In the screenplay these pr oblems are emphasised in Shirleys life. Furthermore, Russell takes the idea of kitchen sink drama in the first scene because Shirleys peeling potatoes in the kitchen. Moreover, women are usually seen as victims because of their fragility and as they are women they are automatically associated with household chores, for they are the nurturing parent.In Shirley Valentine Russell has subverted a womans role as a protagonist emphasising the importance of women and conveying them as breadwinners instead of housewives. Russell uses a variety of dramatic techniques in the opening credits in order to establish Shirleys character and to engage the audience. He does this by the use of diegetic and non-dietetic sounds. In the title sequence use of diegetic sounds such as the background anthem, A girl who used to be me she could fly she was free implies Shirleys transformation, also the tone of the ballad is regretful and sad. The lyrics also evoke how Shirley was once free and independent and has now obviously changed.This also suggests that the protagonist was able to achieve more but wasnt encouraged enough in her early life. The use of editing and camera work portrays Shirleys dull lifestyle and the sequence of drawings showing Shirley doing varieties of domestic activities also conveys the tedious atmosphere. Her life is illustrated in a series of drawings, which indicate her unfulfilled dreams and wishes. The rear scene is very dreary and blue; this reinforces her monotonous life and her misery. The sketches then dissolve into a long shot of Shirley carrying shopping bags and walking along a dull and gloomy suburban street, further conveying her mundane life.As Shirley first enters her semi-detached house she is established in a mid shot, this immediately implies her working class status because of the setting, which is a claustrophobic house. As she walks inside the passage into the kitchen, putting her shopping on the table, she turns away to talk to the wall. Thi s first scene is set in the kitchen, which is hinting at the kitchen sink drama, as if she is trapped and the kitchen is her jail.Straight away she engages in a humorous dialogue with the wall, Hello wall. This dramatic monologue implies to the viewers that shes alone for her only company is the kitchen wall; this also suggests her desperation for some company. Suddenly, turning to the camera she talks to her self, engaging the audience in conversation, which makes them, feel more involved and a part of the play. In her monologue Shirley refers to her husband, e.g. Oh God! What will he be like, eh wall? My feller? What will he be like when he finds out hes only gettin chips an egg for tea? this creates dramatic tension because the audience have not yet meet Shirleys husband and their relationship hasnt been defined. This also implies her lack of control in her life for she is stuck at home and her main goal is to please her husband.The orientation of the play is arranged in flash ba cks to convey Shirleys transformation clearly. This is shown in the flashbacks, when she was young and she was moving into their house with Joe Shirley dips her brush in her can of paint and flicks it up at Joe suggesting that Shirley was playful and enjoyed life to its fullest with her husband Joe.Then Shirley is seen in a pub with her friends in her thirties; these are shown as stories of parts of her life. Russell shows Shirley as she talks to the wall, she expresses all her emotions and feelings to it, she treats it as if its a person, which amplifies her loneliness. The flashback technique is uses to make the audience empathise with Shirleys situation.Theyre fascinated by sex. Well, I suppose Id have been the same if Id been born in their generation mind you it was different in my days. This quote shows Shirleys fascination in sex and her desire for more in hers and Joes sex life. Also it shows her longing for her young life. The decline of their marriage is easily traceable th rough the flashback of Shirley from her thirties talking about sex to her friends as she speaks to the camera very humorously, Joe I said, have you ever heard of clitoris? He didnt even look up from his paper, yah he said, but it doesnt go as well as the ford cortina. This shocking little joke reinforces Shirleys unhappiness in her sex life. Shirley and Joes lack of sex life in their relationship portrays their gap in communication, which shows their relationship to be dreary and mundane.As the flashbacks end, she begins to cut the potatoes, as she does so she looks at the wall and says I do miss them the kidsdont I wall? Theres only me an him nowwell, he walked in one night with a smile on his face an I didnt recognise him this shows her need for company once the children were gone and the distance in their relationship. This is because looking after the kids made both of them busy with their every day life that they had less time for each other. Shirley and Joes life have been wre cked and their relationship has fallen apart. Remember that wall? He used to love me because I was a nutcase.This quote suggests there past relationship, the fact that Joe loved Shirley for her nuttiness showed how deeply in love with each other they were, but as time went by, their relationship became a compromise. Russell then goes back to show the flash back of Shirley in her twenties as she and Joe have just moved into the house. The flashback shows their relationship in the beginning, their love and happiness being together, Joe used to express his feelings for Shirley, I love youShirley Valentine, this shows the great distance that has formed in their relationship, how their children and Joes work has become more important than their love for each other.Through out the flashbacks the audience is also able to view the changes that have occurred in Shirley since she was a teenager. Young Shirley had low self-esteem as her teachers often put her down. They had no hopes in her ach ievement because they thought she had no academic future ahead of her and that she wouldnt be able to achieve anything as she was from a working class family. This is one of the reasons Shirley had left her academic career at such a young age as no one had expectations from her and never encouraged her. This may be the same reason for Willy Russell leaving school at an early age.During the time when Russell was in school and when the screen play was written, people often stereotyped working class families of being underachievers because they didnt have as much money as others. An example of this is in the screenplay as Shirleys teachers have low expectancies of Shirley. The headmistress with rage pointing a shaking finger at young Shirley someone must have told you this shows that they underestimated Shirleys potential and gradually forced her to leave school and give up her education. However, students such as Marjorie were favoured and given more encouragement, because of their st atus, and the fact that shed had elocution lessons, just shows how Prejudice people were.As a teenager Shirley was a vicious rebel, young Shirley shrugs and drags on her cigarette, suggesting that she wasnt a model pupil, breaking school rules by smoking and other things like she was also a bully. She bullied Marjorie for being a teachers pet, but deep inside she really wanted to be like her. This implies to the audience that from an early age she wanted to be someone of value that people looked up to as their role model by doing well in her studies, but she had low self esteem which made her take a different path to her life. Shirley bullied Marjorie by pointing a knife at her and saying I can damage your health. This indicates that Shirley was jealous of Marjorie as she envied the way she was.It was ironic when Shirley found out that her role model Marjorie turned out to be high-class hooker, and the fact that Marjorie wanted to be like Shirley. As an adult Shirley shows only a sm all amount of the assertiveness then what she had as a teenager, being alone and forced to become a stereotypical housewife has sucked out her rebellious and lively nature. This shows a dramatic change of Shirleys life from a teenager to an adult. She is a more dull and responsible person due to having to look after her two children and becoming lonesome each day.By taking the decision to go to Greece it shows that Shirley wants to change to become content, so that she no longer has any problems, this has been her wish since childhood wanting to go on a voyage around the world, but it was never fulfilled because since she found Joe she hadnt got the chance to travel the world. You can see this by what Joe says to her suggestion, Well, Im telling you now, you can forget itThis directly addresses to the spectators that Joe was taking control over Shirleys life as she was not entitled to have a break. The reason why Shirley wanted to Greece is because she wanted to explore the world an d have a taste of different cultures. Also because she wanted to achieve her dream and get away from her depressing life.Russell contrasts the settings in Liverpool and in Greece. This emphasises and depicts the contrast in her emotions in the different places. An example; like the weather in Liverpool Shirleys life is also sluggish and drowsy. As she steps into the hot ground of Greece she is totally transformed. Like the weather in Greece she too has changed, as she looks very attractive even in her 40s because Costas was very fond of her. Shirley transformed herself as she changed back to her maiden name Shirley Valentine. This shows dramatic change in her attitude as she is going back to being the rebellious Shirley Valentine, and manages to find a purpose of a new life in less then two weeks. By changing her life Shirley becomes friendlier as she makes new friends like Costas as he becomes part of her life. She also becomes more confident, exuberant and vibrant.Shirley found it very difficult to cope with her surroundings when she first arrived in Greece. She was used to being lonesome instead of being surrounded by people. Shirley found herself a quiet place in the beach and was apparently talking to the rock. Even though she was alone she found it found it very relaxing I hardly recognise meself these days I love it here. This shows that Shirley is having fun even though shes alone because shes free. However, the fact that shes now talking to the rock shows that shes still deserted. Suddenly, she found herself a new life with Costas, as he made her feel special; he says Tonight, I make someones dream come true. The audience may feel that Costas is going is to be a significant part of her life. It seems Shirley also has a soft feeling for Costas because he asks her to go around the island with him and she agrees. During this trip both Shirley and Costas get into mischief as they get sexually attracted to each other.This scene in the screen play tells us that Shirley likes Costas because she wouldnt get physically attracted with him if she didnt like him. From Shirleys behaviour towards Costas there is a sense that Shirley likes Costas because he acts like Joe when they were first married and likes her the way she is as he kissed Shirleys Stretch marks. After having so much fun with Costas its time for Shirley to go back to the dull and depressing Liverpool. One of the reasons Shirley chose to stay in Greece is because she liked the idea of being free and explore the fun of life. Shirley feels that if she goes back to Liverpool who would care they wouldnt really miss me implies that Shirley really doesnt want to go back, as she likes the idea of living in Greece. She feels life for her in Liverpool is a waste as no one cares about her. Also in she doesnt have to be highly committed to something like her being a housewife.Shirley has changed so that her life is no longer dull and meaningless, a change in life has occurred, her attitu des and actions have also changed, like the ballad from the title sequence Shirley has transformed into a butterfly. Also now that Joe has joined her in Greece, the audience are left to wonder what would happen in the end, but there is a sense of calm and that there is a happy ending. For Shirley has given Joe a second chance and they are starting a new life. The fact that Joe cant recognise Shirley anymore because shes changed so much shows the drift in their relationship they have to work on. Moreover, it indicates how much Shirley has changed as she is unrecognisable, even to her own husband. But the calm sunset implies fulfilment on Shirleys behalf. Also at the end Shirley once more is the Shirley Valentine that she lost touch with, after she got married.In conclusion Shirleys Bradshaws transformation is huge as she changes her life from being a monotonous like the British weather into someone who is full of energy and optimistic like the bright sunny weather in Greece. By the e nd of the novel we see that Shirley is more amusing, entertaining and like the old Shirley valentine we used to know in the past. To bring this great change in her life many people were involved these include coasts, Gillian and Joe played a great part. The dramatic techniques used such as monologue, voice over and flash backs helps us to understand more about Shirleys feelings and desires as she directly addresses her thoughts to the audience. These forms of techniques help us to understand Shirley better as she pours out her cries and happiness.

Staying Relevant Essay Example

Staying Relevant Essay Example Staying Relevant Essay Staying Relevant Essay The role of Information Technology In Creating Economic Sustainability Kip Garland, founder innovativeness Sustaining an organization, be it a business, a government, or other groupings of people, requires the ability to create new growth. When organizations stop growing they lose their relevancy. Economic studies show that sustaining growth in productive sectors Is Increasingly difficult. From 1950 to 2005 the average time that top company could sustain Its relevancy among the top 500 companies fell from 65 to 8 years. Among the top fifty firms in the world only 5% could sustain a growth rate of a mere 6% while they were leaders. Among the 95% who could not sustain growth, only 4% were able to sustain a growth rate of even 1% 2. Conclusion If you cannot find new ways of growing. You become Irrelevant. Sector Saturation Twentieth Century 3 If new forms of growth are the key to sustaining organizational relevancy, a closer look reveals a more complex problem. Similar to biological organisms. Economic growth is a non-linear. This means that growth is a complex function (more pacifically, changes in inputs are not proportional to outputs). The result is that traditional management practices are inutile, and many times harmful for creating new growth. Instead of fighting against these forces a firm grounding In the circumstances that affect these non-linear situations goes a long way towards the ability to create new growth. In fact dealing with the complexity of growth in many cases means going against deeply instilled management practices, like listening to your customers, developing better products, and robust financial management. One powerful approach to these complex circumstances Is to begin to examine the fundamental questions our organizations were set out to answer. In trying to come up with new answers to long-running questions we sometimes lose track of what the original question was, and what its relevance is to the future. As an example of this process, Whirlpool the company behind powerful brands like Brashest and Consul, had one-hundred years to perfect answers to the question of how to build better machines to help with household chores Like cooking and question, the creation of new growth required new questions and not Just new answers. Some of these new questions could turn out to be even more relevant to the future. How to deliver well-being to the home was one of these new questions. Answering this new question led to fundamentally different types of thinking and learning, which let to new forms of growth. It enabled the creation of different answers answers that would not have been addressed from the original question of how to improve refrigerators, ranges, and washing machines. In a series of innovation focus groups conducted by innovativeness consultants Kip Garland and Carol Raking at the 2007 IT Forum, Coos began conceptualizing the growth challenges facing their companies. Independent of their respective industries, these executives concluded that maintaining relevancy was the key to creating sustainability. They found the identification of new forms growth, while at the same time extending the relevance of current growth, is the key for an organizationally sustainability. In effect, the Coos were able to turn a complicated robber like sustainability into a growth opportunity. In groups of five or six, Coos began to use innovation tools as way to think differently about their internal beliefs and the ability to influence external change. These tools included ways to examine internal orthodoxies in order to understand our own role in limiting options for new growth. Coos then were then invited to participate in a simulation in which they began to better understand the difficult choices top firms place when then seek to create new growth. The conclusion of these focus groups was that innovation is one of the elements that an be used to create options for new forms of growth. In a business context new growth takes the form of innovative business models, where the existing premises and orthodoxies about the customer, the benefit, and how is this benefit created and delivered can be overturned in order to create new options. As to implications for the role of information technology in specific, Coos concluded that their role is changing from supporting to facilitating. This means that instead of merely supporting an existing business model, IT moves into a role of helping to create new business models. Further, in many cases IT actually moves into the fundamental role of being the new business model itself. When we virtually purchase music online instead of physically buying the product, IT moves from a facilitating role (how) to a benefit (what) role (access, convenience, speed, security, reliability, etc. ). This fundamental change from how to what, creates powerful choices for IT professionals. The ability to create more options at lower risks (time, money) means that the cycle times of growth curves will be increasingly short.

Salah Aldin (captur of juresalum Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Salah Aldin (captur of juresalum - Article Example The two most significant sites for Muslims in Jerusalem are Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock, which like the Ka’ba’ is based over a sacred stone. Above all, it is regarded as the third-holiest city in the Muslim perspective, after Mecca and Medina. Further, is it perceived that verse 44 of chapter 43 of the Koran was revealed in the city of Jerusalem: â€Å"Ask those of our messengers we went before thee-Have we appointed apart from the All-Merciful, gods to be served?† It is therefore the hope of all Muslims that this holy City will be restored to a peaceful land. How Salah Aldin took back Jerusalem In 1099, Jerusalem was dominated by the Christians in the First Crusade. In the year 1095, Pope Urban VII delivered an influential speech at the Council of Clermont following the Byzantines request for him to provide a military help against the growing threatening Seljuk Turks. This gave the Pope a chance to complete two objectives; to stop the European prince s and kings from conflicting themselves and to reunite the Western and Eastern empires of Rome. Pope Urban requested for a â€Å"Truce of God† between the rulers of Europe and begged them to restore the holy land from Muslims. It was from this point that the first Crusaders started the extensive trip to the East. They crossed strange lands they knew little about; they also had no idea of the military powers and flaws of the cities and communities they came across. On their arrival in Jerusalem in 1099, they were able to capture the prominent city from the Muslims. The Christians utilized cruel techniques to overpower the Muslims during this so called â€Å"Holy War.† Christians controlled Jerusalem for 89 years, till when a brilliant Egyptian King named Salah-al-Din took it back forcibly in1187 (Ali, 1999). During the capture, Saladin was so determined to deliver Jerusalem from the Christian influence. Unlike the Crusaders, Saladin never used the brutal ways on the Inh abitants. He instead showed mercy and restraint upon the Crusaders; he permitted them to stay or leave harmless, as they did wished. Most chose to leave, but left with masses of golden ornaments and church treasures, Saladin never minded so that he could avoid harming them. He even assigned his army to escort them safely to Tyre. On of the Chroniclers commented on Saladin’s humane treatment saying, â€Å"Who could not endure the suffering of the refugees, ordered their squires to dismount and set aged Christians upon their steeds. Some of them even carried Christian children in their arms."(Maalouf 1989). Most people complained of Saladin’s techniques, lamenting that the Muslim had no leader like Saladin and they should be grateful to him for setting up the Crusader protection of Tyre. However, this was just his character and wisdom. When his secretaries criticized about his compassion in the taking back of Jerusalem, Saladin said to them, â€Å"we will allow it to b e a victory that the world shall remember for all time.†According to Maaalouf, as compared to European conquest of the city, Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem was far more elegant and less bloody. The mosques had been ransacked and destroyed by the Christians. However, Saladin conserved and refurnished the churches as well as allowing the Byzantine patriarch to rule them directly. They prayed freely in their holy places, and Saladin handed over Christian

The Irish Republican Army Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Irish Republican Army - Research Paper Example Great Britain, under Oliver Cromwell, established overlordship of Ireland in the seventeenth century. While Scottish and English Protestants formed a majority in the North, the South remained predominantly Catholic. The widening economic disparity between the industrialized North, and the agricultural South (where the Protestants remained exploitative, absentee landowners), led to the abysmal poverty of the Irish Catholics, and to their alienation. The overwhelming majority of Irish representatives to Parliament remained Anglican landowners. Repressive laws of the 17th and 18th centuries prohibited Irish Catholics from owning or leasing land, and denied them political rights and education. An Irish revolt in 1798 was brutally suppressed by Great Britain, resulting in the Great Hunger of 1845 – 1852, in which more than a million people starved and millions more emigrated. The ruthless reaction of the British Government was largely responsible for this. The Protestants and the C atholics separated into two warring camps and a long period of agitation and violence commenced. (Kuznicki, Willett, Griffin, Manley and Matten, nd.).

Third Set of Figures Essay Example for Free

Third Set of Figures Essay Participant Ds errors are the following: The first is with regard to the use of has or have: Mr. Browns have two sons. Second error pertains to the use of verb tenses wherein difference between past and present tenses are appears to be unknown to the participant: They’re call Tom and John; and Tom like reads in the holiday. Participant E has problems in terms of using conjunctions such as: Tom and John they are the twin brothers . In addition with this, there is also an error in terms of using articles: Tom he is a good student, he is a first in his class . Also, there is a problem in terms of the participants spelling: but he dent play ball. Finally, there is also a problem in terms of using punctuations such as the apostrophe: but he dont study, they are special. Participant Fs first problem is with regard to the use of the singular or plural use of auxilliary verbs: Tom and John is brother. Second, is the problem with regard to the use of prepositions such as: They are different have surface; and . Elder brother like study, but younger brother like play basketball†. The third set of figures is a phone conversation among two boys depicting a planned trip to a restaurant and a KTV bar (see Appendix 3 to view the instrument). Participant G: â€Å"At eight oclock , Sams friend calling him up to inviting him out . According to their plan . On the first ,they are going to sing at a KTV . then they going to eat a dinner at a fast food restaurant . They eat fast food ,such as hamburgers ,cola and fries. † Participant H: â€Å"Today morning, Sam’s friend call he go to play. Sam and his friend talk on the phone at a. m. 8:00. Sam said he want go to KTV sing and we can eat dinner in night. But his friend said not eat breakfast. So Sam propose to meet in BigMaclndex Then go to play†. Participant Gs first error could be seen on the proper use of verb tenses: friend calling him up to inviting him out; and They eat fast food . There are also problems in terms of their use of articles: then they going to eat a dinner . On the other hand hand, Participant H also have problems in terms of prepositions: Today morning and Sam and his friend talk on the phone . There are also problems in terms of using articles: Sam said he want go to KTV. There are also problems in terms of using proper verb tenses: So Sam propose to meet in BigMaclndex The fourth set of figures depicts a family composed of a mother, a father and a little boy who went out to eat in a pastry shop. After which, the boy went to a store called W. C. and his mother and father went to the supermarket. The final figure on the set depicts of how well the boy enjoyed his stay on a store called W. C. while his parents listen appears to be listening to his stories while carrying a bag of groceries. Participant I: â€Å"Last Friday, I with my parents want to the big shopping mall to go shopping . First , we bought some milk and read in the basement . then we took the elevator to the second floor . I went to w. c , my parents were wait outside . Finally we bought some fruit and vegetables and we were go home. â€Å" Participant J: â€Å"I went to supermarket with my Dad and Mom last Friday. Maybe was holiday supermarket crowd campany. I with my Dad and Mom choose my breakfast last Saturday. Mom bought two baker and one milk for me. I went to W. C. before away. Aftermost we bought a lot article then get home. † Participant Is errors are with regard to spelling: I with my parents want to the big shopping mall There are also problems in terms of capitalizations: First , we bought some milk and read in the basement   then we took the elevator to the second floor. Errors in terms of the use of linking verbs are seen: I went to w. c , my parents were wait outside. Finally, there are still errors in terms of the verb tenses: Finally we bought some fruit and vegetables and we were go home. Participant Js errors are on the lack of use of pronouns: Maybe was holiday supermarket crowd campany. Also there is a perceived problem in terms of using appropriate nouns for a sentence: Mom bought two baker and one milk for me.

The Influence of Economic, Political, and Social Factors on Firms Essay

The Influence of Economic, Political, and Social Factors on Firms The long controversy exist over the influence of economic , political and social factors on the success of the firms. With many economist believing that economic factors such as management structure contribute to the success of the firm. Karl Marx (1976)[1] and other economist argued that economic factors are not the sole determiner of firm’s success. Marx believes that political, social and economics plays a part in making the firm to be effective. So the following paper will address the question of whether political, economic or social factors contribute to success of the firms. The discussion of economic, political and social factors will be based on the argument between Marglin and Landers. Competition creates a spur for companies to innovate, improve efficiency and drive down prices. Competition is a model of industrial structure in which many firms compete in the supply of a single product in a competitive environment where only the fittest or most affective firm succeeds. Before going further I will like to emphasise the competition I’m referring to is perfect competition where new firms can enter the market if it appears profitable[2]. Because of insignificant barrier to entry firms are faced with challenge to innovate and to improve efficiency. As stated by the neo-classical theory of the firm it is in the interest of the firm to keep the marginal cost as low as possible. The need to lower the average total cost persuaded firms to look for efficient form of production. Competition from rivals forced firms to adopt management systems that will allow them to outperform their rivals .I clearly agree with Landers that the new management system emerged because its effectiveness[3]. Firms adopted the putting out system because it allows them to have edge over other firms The creation of the factories overcome the control that workers had over their work in the early phase of capitalist through the cottage system. Under the cottage system workers were working from home and the domestic craftsmen was master of his time. The lack supervision under the cottage industry meant that workers had no control over how much worker produced per day. Firms were not benefiting because it was easy for workers to steal raw materials. As stated by Karl Marx and the o... ... as mentioned by Marglin both social and economic factors play a part , but they depend on competition .For example in the factory system firms exploited workers because of competition if I wasn’t because of competitions firms wouldn’t have exploited workers. [1] Landers ,†what do bosses really do ?p.591 [2] Landers ,†what do bosses really do ?p.591 [3] Marglin â€Å"What do bosses do ?p.18 [4]Marglin â€Å"what do bosses do ?p.16-17 [5] Marglin what do bosses do? [6] Chandler (1992)managerial enterprise and competitive capabilities, business history .p16 [7] Elger ,T & Fairbrother , P (1992)fordism and flexibility .p.40 REFERENECE LISTS Chandler , A .(1992),†managerial enterprise and competitive capabilities; Business history review , vol.58,no .4. Elger, T & Fairbrother ,P.(1992),’inflexible flexibility ‘ in N. Gilbert et al (eds) Fordism and flexibility :Division and Change(London , Macmillan) Lazonick,w.(1991), Business organization and the myth the economy. Landers, D.(1986), â€Å"What do bosses really do† The journal of economic history Marglin.S.(1976)’What do bosses do ‘ .In A .Gorz (ed),The division of Labour (Brighton , Harvester) The Influence of Economic, Political, and Social Factors on Firms Essay The Influence of Economic, Political, and Social Factors on Firms The long controversy exist over the influence of economic , political and social factors on the success of the firms. With many economist believing that economic factors such as management structure contribute to the success of the firm. Karl Marx (1976)[1] and other economist argued that economic factors are not the sole determiner of firm’s success. Marx believes that political, social and economics plays a part in making the firm to be effective. So the following paper will address the question of whether political, economic or social factors contribute to success of the firms. The discussion of economic, political and social factors will be based on the argument between Marglin and Landers. Competition creates a spur for companies to innovate, improve efficiency and drive down prices. Competition is a model of industrial structure in which many firms compete in the supply of a single product in a competitive environment where only the fittest or most affective firm succeeds. Before going further I will like to emphasise the competition I’m referring to is perfect competition where new firms can enter the market if it appears profitable[2]. Because of insignificant barrier to entry firms are faced with challenge to innovate and to improve efficiency. As stated by the neo-classical theory of the firm it is in the interest of the firm to keep the marginal cost as low as possible. The need to lower the average total cost persuaded firms to look for efficient form of production. Competition from rivals forced firms to adopt management systems that will allow them to outperform their rivals .I clearly agree with Landers that the new management system emerged because its effectiveness[3]. Firms adopted the putting out system because it allows them to have edge over other firms The creation of the factories overcome the control that workers had over their work in the early phase of capitalist through the cottage system. Under the cottage system workers were working from home and the domestic craftsmen was master of his time. The lack supervision under the cottage industry meant that workers had no control over how much worker produced per day. Firms were not benefiting because it was easy for workers to steal raw materials. As stated by Karl Marx and the o... ... as mentioned by Marglin both social and economic factors play a part , but they depend on competition .For example in the factory system firms exploited workers because of competition if I wasn’t because of competitions firms wouldn’t have exploited workers. [1] Landers ,†what do bosses really do ?p.591 [2] Landers ,†what do bosses really do ?p.591 [3] Marglin â€Å"What do bosses do ?p.18 [4]Marglin â€Å"what do bosses do ?p.16-17 [5] Marglin what do bosses do? [6] Chandler (1992)managerial enterprise and competitive capabilities, business history .p16 [7] Elger ,T & Fairbrother , P (1992)fordism and flexibility .p.40 REFERENECE LISTS Chandler , A .(1992),†managerial enterprise and competitive capabilities; Business history review , vol.58,no .4. Elger, T & Fairbrother ,P.(1992),’inflexible flexibility ‘ in N. Gilbert et al (eds) Fordism and flexibility :Division and Change(London , Macmillan) Lazonick,w.(1991), Business organization and the myth the economy. Landers, D.(1986), â€Å"What do bosses really do† The journal of economic history Marglin.S.(1976)’What do bosses do ‘ .In A .Gorz (ed),The division of Labour (Brighton , Harvester)

Lewis and Rostow

Outline the theories of Lewis and Rostow and discuss their relevance in analysing the problems of development in LDC’s In the 1950’s, the two most prominent economists of the Western school were Arthur Lewis and Walt W. Rostow. Their theories had a significant impact on the policies of Western governments regarding development in LDC’s. Arthur Lewis claimed he was a classical economist because he disagreed with the neo-classical school. He argued that the neo-classical assumption of full employment is incorrect in the long-run, and that they therefore had no long-term perspective on development.However, Lewis has been categorised by other economists such as Hollis B. Chenery, as a Structuralist. This is because his famous ‘two-sector model’ focuses in the mechanisms through which LDC’s can change their economic infrastructure from an agricultural to a more modern industrial one. 1 The emphasise on internal modes of production and reform of dom estic infrastructure is a distinguishing feature of the Structuralists. In the mid 1950’s Lewis, in his essay ‘Economic Development with unlimited supply of Labour’ put forward his theory of underdevelopment.He begins with the assumption that the economy of the LDC’s could be split into two sectors; the traditional sector, which is agrarian, and characterised by subsistence wages and a surplus of labour. Lewis referred to this as ‘disguised unemployment’. Because of the large labour force in the traditional sector, much of it unused, this results in zero marginal labour productivity. Wages are therefore kept at subsistence levels, which causes wages in the modern sector to be set at subsistence level. The modern sector is characterised as a highly productive, urban, industrial sector.Lewis argues that surplus labour in the traditional sector can be gradually transferred to the modern sector with no loss to productivity because of the zero marg inal productivity of labour in agriculture. To encourage the flow of labour from the traditional to the modern sector Lewis allows for a 30% differential in income. Once the modern sector reaches full employment output is increased. The increase is determined by the rate of investment and capital accumulation (this is assuming that excess profits are re-invested).Thus the demand for labour will once again increase and with the 30% premium over traditional sector wages, supply curve of labour from the traditional to modern sector is perfectly elastic. The ‘two-sector’ model of development demonstrates the process of labour transfer and the growth of employment and production in the modern sector. The top right diagram represents production in the traditional sector. Total product (TPA) is the function of variable labour (LA), fixed capital (KA) and traditional technology (tA): TPA = f (LA, KA, tA).In the bottom right diagram we have the average and marginal product of la bour curves, which are derived from the total product curve in the diagram directly above it. There are two assumptions made; firstly, the marginal product of labour is zero (MpLA at LA), hence there is surplus labour. Secondly, wages are divided equally in the traditional sector so it is the average, and not the marginal product of labour determines the real wage. 2 ? The diagram on the top left represents production in the modern sector.Again, the total product (TPM) in this sector is a function of the variable input labour (LM), a given capital input (KM), and modern technology (tM): TPM = f (LM, KM, tM). The model demonstrates that at if labour is at L1, and capital stock at KM1, then output will be TPM1. Lewis allows for the re-investment of excess profits in the modern sector, which will increase capital stock from KM1 to KM2 and then to KM3. This results in an increase in the demand for labour (from L1, to L2, then L3), and an increase in output for the sector (from TPM1, to TPM2, and then TPM3).We can see also that the total product curves rise in accordance to the increase in capital stock and labour. The process by which capital stock and total product will increase is demonstrated in the bottom left diagram. WA is the subsistence wage level offered by the traditional sector. With a 30% premium over the traditional wage rate, wages for the modern sector is at WM. Lewis assumes that the supply of labour is perfectly elastic and will remain so throughout the development process, hence the horizontal labour supply curve.Employers will hire at this wage rate without the possibility of wages rising. Because capital stock (KM1) is fixed in the initial stage of growth, demand curve for labour is determined by labours declining marginal product3, the negatively sloped curve D1 (KM1). Employers in the modern sector are assumed to hire to where the marginal physical product of labour is equal to the real wage, so employment will be at L1. Area OWMFL1 represent s wages for this sector, and profits are shown by area WMD1F. Lewis assumes that these profits will be re-invested, so the capital stock now increases from KM1 to KM2.This will increase total product in the modern sector, inducing higher demand for labour. The new equilibrium is now at point G with L2 workers in the bottom left diagram. The same process will once again occur, increasing capital stock to KM3, total product of labour to TPM(KM3), and employment in the modern sector to L3. According to the Lewis hypothesis, this process will continue until all surplus labour is absorbed into the new modern sector. The declining labour to land ratio will increase the marginal productivity of labour above zero, causing the labour supply curves to become positively sloped.So wages and employment will continue to grow, and the domestic structure of the economy is changed, allowing for the growth of a modern, urban, industrial sector. The Lewis two-sector model draws on the experience of ec onomic development in the West, but he makes a number of key assumptions that are not plausible to developing countries in this day and age. Firstly, Lewis assumes that the increase in employment in the modern sector is proportional to its rate of profit. (This is on a further assumption that all profits are infact re-invested).In reality it is a common trend for Trans-National Companies (TNC’s) to employ increasing levels of capital and technology, while keeping labour at the same level. Lewis also assumes that there is surplus labour in agriculture and full employment in the modern sector. This is infact untrue, and the opposite is more common in most LDC’s. Also, research suggests that unemployment is not as high as Lewis estimated (around 50%) but is more accurately around the 5% mark. The assumption of an infinitely elastic labour has also been subject to criticism.Empirically labour will experience some rise in wages, so the labour supply curve will not remain fl at. Lewis makes some politically incorrect assumptions. He argues that farmers will get richer during the development process due to an increasing demand for food from a growing urban population. He suggests that farmers should be taxed and the money should be invested in urban areas. So he advocated the taxing of people on subsistence wage levels, to help the capitalist class! He also advocated the curbing of trade union power during evelopment, and to protect the growth of the capitalists using tariffs (this was undoubtedly very unpopular with the Marxists). The two-sector model emphasises the need to increase money supply in order to kick-start the development process. We know that in the real world this could lead to inflation, speculation and balance of payment problems. Lewis does acknowledge these possibilities in his article, but he does not explain how the loans themselves can be bad. He places a high degree of importance on a capitalist class who would bring about an outfl ow of profits, but does not explain from where the new class will emerge.Despite all of these flaws in the two-sector model, Lewis was nonetheless awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics for his endeavours. In 1960, the US economist and historian Walt Whitman Rostow published his paper ‘The Stages of Economic Development’. He claimed he was providing an alternative to the Marxist view of history, and thus gave his paper the subtitle; ‘a non-communist manifesto’. Rostow analysed the process of development in the West and concludes that it is possible to distinguish development into stages; and all societies can be categorised into one of the five stages he distinguishes.In order to develop LDC’s are required to progress through these stages. The five stages are as follows: The traditional society, transitional (or preconditions to take-off), take-off, maturity and high-mass consumption. 4 A traditional society is the most basic form of society. It does little more than economically survive. Production is used for self-consumption and there is no trade. It would usually have a ceiling on production due to limitations of science and backward production practices. There is generally a high proportion of the workforce in agriculture (>75%), little social change, and large divisions of wealth. In the transition stage agriculture will begin to prevail, mainly due to foreign interests. Rostow argues that the level of investment must be raised to at least 10% of national income, ensuring self-sustaining growth. The bulk of investment should be spent on infrastructure, like transport and communication if society is to progress to the next stage. He states that society must also be willing to operate closer to factory principles and the division of labour, and a new elite must emerge that will drive the factory process. It is generally accepted that entrepreneurs usually appear in commerce.Rostow and others acknowledge that society may be i n this stage for centuries. To propel society from transition to take-off growth must become self-sustaining. Rostow predicts that investment must rise in excess of 10% of national income in order to guarantee adequate levels of future savings and investment. 6 What is significant in this stage is the emergence of major export industries (what Rostow calls ‘leading growth sectors’). In the US and Russia this would have been the grain industry, in Britain the textiles industry, in Sweden, timber etc.So the industry itself differs from country to country, and Rostow makes clear that LDC’s do not have to produce the same goods as developed nations in order to ‘take-off’. In the stage of maturity society will apply a wide range of new technology to most of its resources. In this period a nation will grow confident and exert itself. It will also have to make a choice at this point as to what it should spend its new found wealth on. Either to move towards high-mass consumption, to build a welfare state, or to meet imperialist ends.The stage of high-mass consumption, Rostow argues, applies only to the US, as at the time of writing (1956) no other society had achieved this. Based on his theory Rostow, Rosenstein and Rodon came up with a 5-year plan for LDC’s following the Western ideology of development. The 5-year plans were largely unsuccessful, not to mention controversial. At the height of the cold war the US funded any tin-pot dictator who was not allied with the USSR, under the guise of aid for development. There are several issues in Rostows theory that has received criticism.Firstly, he negates the multiplier process, and refers to it as ‘backward lineage’. He also ignores foreign exchange constraints, like the cost of importing machinery. His single minded pursuit of capital has led to ‘wide elephant’ projects by the UN, which have caused a lot of damage to the environment and brought very litt le benefit to LDC’s. Also, concentration on capital intensive goods makes things worse. It deprives consumption, gives rise to demand, which makes increases in demand for capital goods inevitable. Simon Kuznets points out that there is no distinction between stages 2 and 3, and also 3 and 4.The characteristics that Rostow distinguishes are not unique to those phases. For example, the changes that occur during transition also seem to occur during take-off. In Kuznets own words: â€Å"It seems to me that Rostow defines these social phenomena as a complex that produces the effect he wishes to explain and then treats his identification as if it were a meaningful identification†7 The main problem with Rostow’s theory is his political bias. This is not surprising if we take into account the historical and political conditions in which the theory was created (the cold war, McCarthyism).Rostow wanted to provide a Western, capitalist ideology of development. The neo-Marx ists point out that LDC’s are very different from each other, and we cannot ignore the historical context in which they were created as Rostow does. The centuries of colonialism still have an effect on LDC’s today and to ignore this is wrong. The neo-Marxists argue that the History of LDC’s is littered with aborted ‘take-offs’ and ‘crash landings’, which have left them with distorted development and dependency. Both Lewis and Rostow tend to indicate that development is a purely domestic issue, and that obstacles to growth are all internal.They emphasise on savings and investment, and do not take into account the many external forces that can stimulate or hinder growth, such as political and economic pressure from TNC’s and the WTO. They make no attempt to explain ideas suggested by the Prebisch-Singer thesis, or to reconcile Emmanuel’s theory of ‘Unequal Exchange’. Overall, both economists imply that growth an d development are solely in the hands of the developing countries, trivialising the dominance and significance of the West in the development process.

Fearing and loving your nation Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Have you ever felt that security is a major concern in Mexico? Security is a concern in Mexico but I do not feel like it is a major issue to the residents. There are parts of this country that are on the news every now and then for crimes and many people worldwide relate Mexico with drug related cartels and violence. As for me, I have lived peacefully all my years and have the warmth and security of family. I mean, I have never thought of being afraid of my people. You have for some years, been jobless. Has this affected your family in any way? Everything happens for a reason and what happened to us my family is just a bump in the road. The state of our economy is not that pleasant and there is widespread joblessness. The rate of unemployment is high and many companies are downsizing. As much as this has had me as a victim, I am a hardworking woman and I know that there are various ways of earning a living respectably by seizing the many opportunities that life offers. We will write a custom essay sample on Fearing and loving your nation or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Therefore being jobless has not had a negative effect on my family at all. Have you been discouraged living in Mexico? You have to be positive despite the obstacles. Life is full of challenges and blessings alike. Through the good times and the bad, a positive attitude is what keeps me going. Sad times never last if one is too busy not thinking about their worries. Despite losing my job, I have had issues with my boss such as my salary not getting raised, and other problems such as tough economic conditions where the rate of inflation is eating into many people’s pockets. Instead of focusing on these, why not look for better ways to increase one’s income and be financially stable and independent? Would you reconsider your stand on moving to the United States? You can not stick to something that is not good for you. My goals that include security for my family and financial stability cannot be fulfilled here in Mexico. This is so becaus e my luck at improving my finances here has not changed for several years now. I guess it is time to seek greener pastures and I believe that the United States is the answer to my problems. Do you have any worries about life in the United States? Of course I am worried on living in a different place other than my childhood town or country for that matter. To get a job may at first prove difficult. Settling down and adopting to the culture of the United States may be a bit challenging too. I have heard of cases where Mexicans in the United States usually get arrested for suspicion of being there illegally.